Economic sovereignty is not measured by the number of state-owned enterprises, but by a nation's capacity to generate wealth, employment, technology, and added value on its own territory. This perspective shifts the focus from ownership to productive capabilities.
According to a 2025 report by the French Council of Economic Analysis, countries like Germany and South Korea have achieved high levels of economic sovereignty through private-sector innovation and export strength, not state control. For example, Germany's Mittelstand—small and medium-sized enterprises—accounts for over 50% of its GDP and drives technological leadership.
In France, the debate often centers on state ownership of strategic firms, but data from the French Ministry of Economy shows that private companies contribute 85% of national R&D spending. The key is fostering an ecosystem that supports innovation, skills development, and industrial competitiveness.
Experts argue that sovereignty also depends on controlling critical supply chains, such as semiconductors and rare earths. The European Union's Chips Act, adopted in 2023, aims to double Europe's semiconductor production share to 20% by 2030, reducing dependence on Asia.
Ultimately, economic sovereignty requires a balanced approach: strategic state intervention in key sectors, combined with policies that encourage private investment, research, and global competitiveness.
