Across Africa, a proliferation of non-binding memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and ambitious 'mega-projects' that never materialize is draining resources and undermining economic progress. From green hydrogen initiatives to celebrity-backed 'crypto-cities,' these agreements often generate headlines but little tangible development, according to analysts.
According to a 2024 report by the African Development Bank, over 60% of large-scale infrastructure MOUs signed in Africa between 2015 and 2023 never reached the construction phase. This 'hot air' phenomenon wastes government time, legal fees, and consultant costs, while raising false expectations among local populations.
For example, a $10 billion green hydrogen project in Mauritania, announced in 2021, remains stalled due to lack of financing and infrastructure, as confirmed by the International Energy Agency's 2025 Africa Energy Outlook. Similarly, a proposed 'crypto-city' in Senegal, backed by a celebrity, has not broken ground since its 2022 announcement.
Experts urge African governments to implement stricter due diligence, require binding commitments, and prioritize projects with proven feasibility. 'We need shovels in the ground, not signatures on paper,' said Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank, in a 2025 interview.
