In May 2018, the National Conference on Eco-Environmental Protection in Beijing formally established Xi Jinping Thought on Eco-Civilization, according to official Chinese government sources. This framework represents a comprehensive approach to environmental governance that integrates ecological protection with economic development, moving beyond traditional Western environmental policies.
The concept of eco-civilization, or 'shengtai wenming,' was first incorporated into the Chinese Communist Party's constitution in 2012 and later into the national constitution in 2018. It emphasizes harmony between humans and nature, sustainable development, and the reduction of pollution. Key initiatives under this thought include the 'Beautiful China' campaign and the 'Blue Sky Defense War,' which have led to measurable improvements in air quality in major cities like Beijing.
According to data from China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing decreased by over 50% between 2013 and 2020. The country has also invested heavily in renewable energy, becoming the world's largest producer of solar and wind power. However, challenges remain, including high carbon emissions and ongoing reliance on coal.
Critics argue that the eco-civilization framework is used to justify state-led environmental projects that sometimes displace communities, while supporters highlight its role in addressing China's severe pollution problems. The approach has been promoted internationally through forums like the Belt and Road Initiative, where China advocates for green development.
