According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian National Cancer Registry, the five most common cancers in Nigeria as of 2026 are breast, cervical, prostate, liver, and colorectal cancers. Breast cancer remains the leading cancer among women, while prostate cancer is the most common among men. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, largely due to high rates of HPV infection. Liver cancer is strongly linked to chronic Hepatitis B and C infections, which are prevalent in Nigeria. Colorectal cancer is rising, associated with dietary changes and obesity.
Early symptoms are often ignored. For breast cancer, a painless lump in the breast or armpit, changes in breast shape, or nipple discharge are key signs. Cervical cancer may present with abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse. Prostate cancer can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination (especially at night), or blood in urine. Liver cancer symptoms include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes), and unexplained weight loss. Colorectal cancer may show as blood in stool, persistent abdominal discomfort, or changes in bowel habits.
Prevention strategies include HPV vaccination for girls aged 9-14, Hepatitis B vaccination for all infants, regular screening (mammograms, Pap smears, PSA tests), and a healthy diet low in processed foods. The Nigerian government has expanded cancer screening programs in primary health centers since 2024. However, late presentation remains a major challenge, with over 70% of cases diagnosed at advanced stages, reducing survival rates.
